How To Calculate Chi Square Value By Hand

Introduction & Importance

Chi square, denoted as χ², is a statistical measure that helps determine if there’s a significant difference between the expected and observed frequencies in one or more categories. It’s widely used in hypothesis testing and is crucial in various fields, including social sciences, biology, and engineering.

For more information, refer to these authoritative sources:

• NIST’s Guide to the Chi-Square Test
• Statistics How To’s Chi-Square Test Guide